Topton N100 Reporting 402 MHz
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@AnonymousRetard Hey thank you so much for this! That's great information and I'm glad you were able to boost your own speeds as well. I'm definitely going to try the advice from the other thread you referenced of setting PL1=9, PL2=10, and PL3=30 in the BIOS and I'll see what impact that has. I've also been running with my SpeedShift slider at 50 but I'm going to try 40 as well. And I did add the Cmax system tunable that you suggested.
I'm still confused why these BIOS power level changes would be needed in order to get this sort of expected performance out of the processor in FreeBSD whereas no changes to the default settings seemed necessary to get expected performance under Linux, but then I have basically no understanding of the vagaries of BIOS settings, what gets passes to different OSes, etc.
Funny you mention the fan because I'm thinking I may try to do the same thing with mine. It is a pain because I know the "fanless" thing is a big selling point but it would be really nice if the cases for these things at least provided the option for mounting a fan somewhere to get a little air circulation!
Oh yeah and I would probably not flash your BIOS since your machine is behaving as expected. It went well for me but did make me nervous, and was not especially straightforward.
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@TheNarc I agree that it is quite strange that you only got bad performance in FreeBSD specifically but it seems like it is possible to change the PL1 & PL2 settings and probably much more things as well directly from the OS, one example is a script for Linux found here: https://github.com/horshack-dpreview/setPL
So I guess it's not impossible that the Linux or Windows kernels are changing some of the BIOS values while FreeBSD doesn't. But of course it could also be a lot of other things than PL1 & PL2 specifically that will bring about different behaviors from different OSes in how they will control the CPU frequencies.
But there are a lot of other settings in your unlocked BIOS that will definitely have an impact on the CPU frequency behavior as well.
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@AnonymousRetard said in Topton N100 Reporting 402 MHz:
https://github.com/horshack-dpreview/setPL
Ah that's very interesting. Honestly this is the first time I've really been aware of these power levels. It definitely seems plausible that you're right and perhaps Linux is overriding the BIOS settings for them or something to that effect. I've sure never had such trouble just getting the expected speed out of a CPU before though, but I did realize that I was potentially signing up for an adventure like this when I bought one of these boxes, ha.
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Yes I could believe Linux/Windows is updating some values there to allow the CPU to run at full speed. It would surprise me if it's those Power Level values though since, as I understand it, those are supposed to be set by the system builder based on the thermal management available. But that data seems to suggest it is so.....
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@stephenw10 Yeah, and I could certainly believe that the power levels were set low, as the thermal management available on these things is . . . underwhelming. Although out of the box it seems to be set for PL1=6W and PL2=25W which, as far as I've been able to tell, is what it should be for the N100. And for that matter, that's still what I have mine set at, so it had to have been some of the other settings I changed that got my current performance boost. But I am going to try the PL1=9W, PL2=10W, PL3=30W today to see whether it gets even better performance w/o getting too hot. I also came across some suggestions (like here) that the PL1 time window should be set to 28 instead of 0. But I stopped knowing what I was doing a while ago :)
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Yup I'm guessing at this point! Seems like you're making progress though.
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So I tried changing PL1 from 6W to 9W and PL2 from 25W to 10W and get much better openssl speed results:
/home/john/Pictures/PL1_9W_PL2_10W.jpegNot sure about thermals yet so I'll need to keep an eye on that, but this is much better. And yet, it is nominally a 6W processor so if this is basically just forcing it to run at 9W all the time, it seems like there must be a better way. But I'll take what I can get!
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Got even slightly better numbers when I left PL1 at 9W and set PL2 back to 25W. Which is interesting because it suggests that the PL2 setting is more impactful, and does make sense because my understanding is that it's the upper power limit the processor is allowed to go to for brief periods of time. Except when PL2 was 25W and PL1 was 6W, I was getting significantly worse results, which I'm not sure I can really explain. But I think I'm going to leave it at PL1=9W and PL2=25W unless the thermal situation proves untenable.
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@TheNarc Nice! From my understanding you are not forcing it run at at 9W all the time but rather allowing it to use 9W of power for an unlimited amount of time and as the maximum in "low load scenarios". When the CPU usage goes up the CPU will be allowed to use the PL2 power for a certain time limit which should be configurable as well. The PL2 limit is supposed to handle bursty loads since it usually takes a while before the temperature builds up enough to become a problem.
Sometimes if the CPU is constrained by thermals you will get better performance though by setting a lower power limit as the efficiency usually drops at higher power draws. As an example imagine the thermal downclock limit gets hit at a sustained 10W power draw and then the CPU downclocks because of the thermal limit. In that scenario you might get better performance if the CPU instead runs for long amounts of time at 6-9W if that causes it to not hit the thermal limit where it starts downclocking.
It shouldn't be dangerous to the CPU to set both of the limits really high, like putting both at 25W. It will limit itself because of thermals anyway but your performance is likely to drop at some point because of what I described above. Another problem though is that it could also increase the ambient temperature in the box too much which the other components might not like. I don't think the NVMe drive inside or the RAM has any heatsinks in our boxes but I haven't double-checked. But I'm sure neither is connected to the big heatsink on the top of the case. A third problem could be that the power supply isn't designed for too large power draws for longer amounts of time but in your unlocked BIOS it looks like the total power draw is also controlled and constrained by a separate setting (the 65W AC Brick setting). Normal PSUs though just shut down if they get overloaded (OCP).
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Yes I'd expect that to be a limit. Under low loads I wouldn't expect to see much difference.
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@AnonymousRetard Thanks for the explanations. That all makes sense, although the curious thing is that in the BIOS there's a time window setting for PL1, but not for PL2. One explanation of that PL1 time window setting I found though is:
"In BIOS settings, the PL1 time window refers to the time window over which the average CPU core power must be below the Turbo Boost Power Max."I just left it at 0 because that's apparently the CPU default. But yeah I'll definitely need to keep an eye on temps. I bought a unit without RAM or storage because I already had an unused 8GB stick of DDR5 and just grabbed a 128GB nvme, but neither have heatsinks. This box is going to live on a wire shelf so I may investigate running with the bottom cover off and a fan aimed up at it from below. It is clearly going to need to have high reliability so that's the next test!
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@TheNarc Yeah it seems a bit strange that there's a PL1 time window, but it kind-of sounds like that one could be the time limit I'm talking about anyways. "Turbo Boost Power Max" is likely to be the PL2 limit, so it could be that this is the time after which it is forced back to the PL1 limit.. Or perhaps it's some kind of "cool down" time after which the CPU is once again allowed to go from the PL1 limit to the PL2 limit. Not sure at all. Don't really know what a value of 0 means either.
Good luck with your box and your stability testing! That's what I'm currently doing with mine, as I mentioned before it has unfortunately had two crashes so far and it's not yet clear why, but my biggest suspicion is either a bad SODIMM stick or that it gets too hot and then becomes unstable. This is why I'm now stability testing with this fan. I'd prefer not to have a fan though, perhaps I could also buy and attach some heatsinks to the RAM or just try as well with the bottom cover off and no fan.
Unfortunately RAM sticks don't have any logic to downclock when they get to hot like all CPUs do, so they tend to become unstable if they get too hot.
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@AnonymousRetard Yeah that's a pain. Have you tried running memtest86 on it to try to eliminate just a bad stick? Of course that would only be valid if it doesn't crash before 24+ hours of memtesting :)
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@TheNarc No it's on my list of things to do, but since I already run my home network from the box I need to plan it a bit. I still have my old router so could use that in the meantime I guess but I will probably do it next weekend or something. Last crash (general protection fault) was 2.5 days ago now but I don't have enough data yet to be able to tell if the fan is helping or not. It does restart and come online again pretty quickly though so if the crashes happen seldomly enough I guess it's not the end of the world...
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@AnonymousRetard Ah yup, well good luck to you! Would be nice if things "just worked" sometimes, but then I guess they often do if you pay 3-4X what these machines cost so I can't complain too loudly :)
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T TheNarc referenced this topic on
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@TheNarc said in Topton N100 Reporting 402 MHz:
@stephenw10 Well I loaded another modded BIOS from here that exposes power & performance options so now I can enable or disable SpeedStep and SpeedShift, C-states, change PL1 and PL2, etc. But nothing seems to meaningfully move the needle on this . . . incredibly frustrating. If anyone else who has been following this is running N100-based hardware, I'd be curious to know the results of:
openssl speed -elapsed -evp aes-256-cbc
for you. I can't help but wonder whether this is really highly specific to the hardware/BIOS combination I have, or if performance may be degraded generally for the N100 in FreeBSD, just not so much that it's generally noticeable when used for applications such as pfSense. That seems highly unlikely, but any points of comparison would be welcome. Thank you![2.7.2-RELEASE][admin@rozcestnik.lan]/root: openssl speed -elapsed -evp aes-256-cbc
You have chosen to measure elapsed time instead of user CPU time.
Doing AES-256-CBC for 3s on 16 size blocks: 102276747 AES-256-CBC's in 3.00s
Doing AES-256-CBC for 3s on 64 size blocks: 35529030 AES-256-CBC's in 3.00s
Doing AES-256-CBC for 3s on 256 size blocks: 9200231 AES-256-CBC's in 3.00s
Doing AES-256-CBC for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 2310933 AES-256-CBC's in 3.00s
Doing AES-256-CBC for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 290606 AES-256-CBC's in 3.00s
Doing AES-256-CBC for 3s on 16384 size blocks: 144929 AES-256-CBC's in 3.00s
version: 3.0.12
built on: reproducible build, date unspecified
options: bn(64,64)
compiler: clang
CPUINFO: OPENSSL_ia32cap=0x7ffaf3bfffebffff:0x98c007bc239ca7eb
The 'numbers' are in 1000s of bytes per second processed.
type 16 bytes 64 bytes 256 bytes 1024 bytes 8192 bytes 16384 bytes
AES-256-CBC 545475.98k 757952.64k 785086.38k 788798.46k 793548.12k 791505.58kI have a CWWK unit with N100 CPU and two ethernet ports.
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@Octopuss You're definitely seeing much better numbers on that benchmark than I did when I started. Although I was able to get a bit higher with the PL1 bump to 9W (at least I think that's what made the difference). But before I changed anything, my numbers on that test were around 100k across the board, so you're already 5-7X better than that.
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@TheNarc I have this unit https://cwwk.net/products/cwwk-x86-p5-super-mini-router-12th-gen-intel-n100-ddr5-4800mhz-firewall-pc-2x-i226-v-2-5g-lan-fanless-mini-pc and Crucial 4800MHz memory. Even if your motherboard is a little bit different, the CPU is the same, so your situation is even weirder than mine.
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@Octopuss Yeah if I had to guess, and that's all I can really do, my stock BIOS had the PL1 set to 6W and it did not expose that setting for me to be able to change. Now, as far as I can tell that should be fine, because the TDP for the N100 is 6W. Of course, Intel's definition of TDP is "Thermal Design Power (TDP) represents the average power, in watts, the processor dissipates when operating at Base Frequency with all cores active under an Intel-defined, high-complexity workload." So TDP is an average, and PL1 sets a ceiling, I think. But I'm fairly certain now that increasing my PL1 setting in the modded BIOS I loaded from 6W to 9W is what got me to my expected level of performance. To be certain, I'd need to do more testing, and I spent so many hours playing with the thing recently that I'm not inclined to right now :) But perhaps you got a BIOS that already has PL1 set to 9W, or something above 6W. At least, that's the best hypothesis I can assemble from this collection of speculation and unscientific troubleshooting that I've done :)
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One remaining quirk that would be nice but not necessary to solve: any idea why I would have (seemingly accurate and changing) core temps reported on the dashboard, but nothing at all for Thermal Sensors under Status > Monitoring?
EDIT: Found this post and will try doing what was was described there and report back.
