Well, it looks like my expectations about the self-protection were wrong! I found in the system logs of the pfSense firewalls that it was flagging the checks from zabbix as an attack, and would periodically block all access from the zabbix server IP. I was able to whitelist that IP from the login protections, and I haven't seen any issues since. I still have no idea why this issue only manifested for the backup firewalls and not the master ones, seeing as their configurations are nearly identical, but hopefully this helps someone else in the future!