It looks like I got it permanently fixed, my mistake was to boot up my PC "too early" when the firewall was not yet ready (I shut down the firewall and the PC when I don't need it). For some weird (or not weird) reason my PC didn't get any IPv6-address, it kept sending solicit messages according to the DHCP logs, but never sent a request message…
After rebooting my PC, according to the logs it sent a solicit message, after receiving the advertise from the firewall it sent a request and got a reply with an IPv6-address and now everything is working... (so I guess it was a layer 8 error...)