Well, then let me put it in simpler terms: pfSense doesn't 'read' it's IP anywhere else, other can the config file, or DHCP. Data is never flowing the other way around.
Since you seem to want to preconfigure pfSense boxes, it would probably be better to simply provision the config file instead of trying to use the Hyper-V network interface's uncommon facility to push IP addresses onto machines. I guess they made that for Windows, because on every other OS, it's not supposed to work that way.
You can probably script the following:
MAC adresses for any of the interfaces you want to configure
IP addresses for any of the interfaces (identified by their MAC) you want to configure
Put them into a proper pfSense configuration XML
Put that XML inside a pfSense image
Boot the image
What you really shouldn't do:
Hack a script together that reads the IP from the interface and then puts it into the config file
this is because it completely contradicts the pfSense architecture, not a single component will work well, and all of it will work against you. This is because pfSense as a network system is designed to be the authority on what IP goes where. As soon as you try to invert that, you're going to run into problems.
pfSense does have a read-config-on-boot option, it has had such functionality for a long time. All you would need to do is script the XML modification and inserting the file into the VM.