Well, today my laptop was able to get a proper route and is able to use the internet as would be expected. I have no idea what is different from today as compared to yesterday. "I changed nothing" except that I unplugged the power from both the Netgate 1100 and the Arris S33 router overnight. I powered them up this morning, first the S33 and let it power up completely. I then powered up the 1100 waiting until the Console Menu popped up and then plugged in the S33 to the WAN port of the 1100.
The final steps were to plug in my usb to ethernet adapter into the laptop, I then started Wireshark and started capturing packets. No packets were being captured, as expected as the there was not cable connected between the laptop and the 1100. The final step was plugging in the cable to the 1100 LAN port.
Wireshark started capturing packets and shortly I had an address and a "proper" looking route:
$ ip a show dev enp0s13f0u3
6: enp0s13f0u3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:05:1b:b0:6f:f0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.105/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute enp0s13f0u3
valid_lft 6386sec preferred_lft 6386sec
inet6 2601:647:cb00:470a::2000/128 scope global dynamic noprefixroute
valid_lft 6388sec preferred_lft 3688sec
inet6 2601:647:cb00:470a:37d:3b80:545c:c086/64 scope global dynamic noprefixroute
valid_lft 86396sec preferred_lft 14396sec
inet6 fe80::faff:5f36:799d:482d/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
$ ip r show dev enp0s13f0u3
default via 192.168.1.1 proto dhcp src 192.168.1.105 metric 100
192.168.1.0/24 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.105 metric 100
And I could ping ucsc.edu:
$ ping ucsc.edu
PING ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from resnet.ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88): icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=12.1 ms
64 bytes from resnet.ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88): icmp_seq=2 ttl=53 time=15.0 ms
64 bytes from webops-vip88.ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88): icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=11.9 ms
64 bytes from webops-vip88.ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88): icmp_seq=4 ttl=53 time=11.4 ms
64 bytes from resnet.ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88): icmp_seq=5 ttl=53 time=11.1 ms
64 bytes from webops-vip88.ucsc.edu (128.114.119.88): icmp_seq=6 ttl=53 time=11.1 ms
^C
--- ucsc.edu ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5008ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 11.053/12.102/15.016/1.361 ms
Not sure what I learned, I suspect I did something wrong, but for now I'll chalk it up to "be patient" and "never give up" :)
Thanks @SteveITS